Cadmium Accumulation in Cereal Crops and Tobacco: A Review

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal with no known biological function in plants and one of the most substances released into environment. Crops, such as rice, maize, wheat tobacco are major sources Cd for humans. toxicity inhibits crop growth development by affecting many central physiological biochemical processes, finally it affects human health via food chain. To adapt to toxicity, crops have evolved series detoxification mechanisms. Immediate responses include rapid changes at transcriptional level simultaneous metabolic levels. However, long-term involve genetic modifications epigenetic changes. During last decade, genes involved uptake translocation been identified, them transporters. decrease accumulation cereal grains leaves, number approaches proposed, including physical chemical methods, developing planting low genotypes using transgenic strategies or marker–trait association breeding. In this review, we describe body, advances molecular mechanisms tobacco, accumulation.